The Definition of Clause and the examples.

Definition Of Clause

Clause is a group of the words which consist a subject and predicate. Clause is divided into independent clause and dependent clause.

A. Adjective Clause

         Adjective Clause is a clause which has a function as an adjective. It can call as a Relative Clause.

      -The Use Of Adjective Clause

        1. As a substitute of Subject (Who, Which, That)

            Person => Who/that+aux/verb (who changes a subject)

                       e.g: I met the girl. She always take a walk.

                              = I met the girl who always take a walk.

                                 I met the girl that always take a walk

             Thing => Which+aux/verb (Which changes a subject: It, they)

                       e.g: She has a big house. It is on 75th street

                              = She has a big house which is on 75th street

                                 She has a big house that is on 75th street.

          2. As a substitute of Object

              Person => Whom+Subject (Whom changes an object)

                         e.g: The boy is annoying. Mr.John is angry with him.

                               = The boy whom Mr.John is angry with is annoying.

              Thing => Which+subject (Which changes an object)

                        e.g: The film is very good. I am interested in it.

                              = The film which I am interested in is very good.

           3. As the Possession (Whose)

               Whose+noun (whose changes a possessive adjective)

                e.g: The girl is very attractive. Her name is Maria

                     = The girl whose name is Maria is very attractive

           4. As the substitute of Place

               Where+subject (where changes place)

               e.g: The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.

                     = The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful.

           5. As the substitute of Time

               When+subject (when changes time/day/month/year, etc)

               e.g: Sunday is the day. Dika meets Nita on that day.

                    = -Sunday is the day when Dika meets Nita

                       -Sunday is the day on which Dika meets Nita

B. Noun Clause 

       Noun clause is a clause which acts as the subject or object of a sentence. Noun clause can't stand alone as a sentence. In other words, a noun clause is used in the same ways a noun.

P.S: There are two Sub Clause

        a. Information Question

           e.g: Where did Paul go? I don't know where Paul went

        b. Yes/No Question. It is used with if/whether

            e.g: My question is whether Ayu goes home by taxi or bicycle.

C. Adverbial Clause

     The following are examples of adverb clauses arranged according to the meaning of the subordinate conjuction.

      1. Time: when, while, since, after, before, until, as,.

           e.g: He even read while he conducted cabinet meeting.

      2. Place: where, wherever

           e.g: I come there where she always visited that place.

      3. Manner: as, as if

           e.g: He does his homework as if he is clever.

      4. Comparison: as, than.

           e.g: Ema is as beautiful as Marshanta is.

      5. Reason, cause, purpose: as, because, so that, in other that, since.

           e.g: She didn't do her homework because she lost her book.

      6. Result: so.....that, such.....that/such that.

           e.g: It was such an interesting book that I read it in one evening.
7. Condition: if, whether, unless, provided(that), as/as long as, supposing

           e.g: He will sign the contract as long as his wife has no objection.

Report Text in participle

Orangutan

     The Orangutan must be human beings long lost relatives. Sharing 97% of our DNA and features such as fingernails, the orangutan is one of human being's closest surviving ancestor. Found predominantly in the dense rain forests of Borneo and Sumatra, orangutans have life spans similar to the human population of these to tropical islands.

     They can reproduce after ten years old. Their gestation period is one month shorter than a human's and the infant remains fully dependent on its mother for at least 5 years. With so many almost human traits and resting on one of the top branches of the evolutionary tree, you would be forgiven for thinking that orangutans had a pretty cushy existence.

    Orangutans spend most of their lives swinging amongst the tree canopy in the forest, where they feed on fruits like strangling figs and build nightly nests for safe slumber out of their predators, worthogs and leopards. According to the rain forests foundation, 50% of the orangutan population has been destroyed in the last decade. There are now less than 20.000 orangutans left in the wild and destruction of their natural rain forests habitat is occurring at an alarming rate.

Paragraph Descriptive

Describing Objects

        Yesterday was Jim's birthday. he got a lot of presents from his friends and family. All the gifts were wrapped in colored paper. Some of the packages were large, but others were very small. Some were heavy, and others were light. One square package was blue; there was a book in it. Another one was long and narrow; it had an umbrella in it. Jim's sister gave him a big, round package. He thought it was a ball, but it was not. When he removed the yellow paper that covered it, he saw that it was a globe of the world.

         After that his brother gave Jim another gift. It was a big box wrapped in green paper. Jim opened it and found another box covered with red paper. Jim opened it and found another box covered with red paper. He removed the paper and saw a third box; this one was blue in color.

            Everyone laughed as Jim opened the boxes. There were six of them! In the last one he found a small white envelope. There was a piece of paper in the envelope which said: "Go to the big bedroom. Look in the closet near the high window. You will see three suitcases: a black one, a brown one and a gray one. Your birthday present is in one of these."

            Jim went in the large bedroom. he went to the closet and began opening the suitcases. He had to open all of them before he saw his brother's present. He was very happy. It was just Jim wanted---a portable typewriter.

The Exercises of Present Participle

1. The work .................computers requires well trained personnel.
    a. involved    b. involve              c. involving          d. involves
2. ............a few thousand dollars,  he went on a tour to Europe.
    a. saved        b. he has saved       c. having saved     d. after he saves.
3. .............her mistakes, the stewardess immediately apologized to the passenger.
   a. realized     b. realizes               c. realizing             d. she has realizes
4. Being an outstanding student in our school, he has been offered a scholarship to study in Australia.
    The underlined word mean..........of our school.
    a. If he is an outstanding student.
    b. Although he is an outstanding student.
    c. When he is an outstanding student.
    d. As he is an outstanding student.
5. Having sent his letter of application,  ...........................
    a. The company was expected to get a quick reply.
    b. Bimo expected a quick reply.
    c. A quick reply was expected from the company.
    d. They expect the company to send a quick reply.
6. The ......child ran to his mother when he heard the thunder.
    a. frightened
    b. frighten
    c. frightening
    d. being frightened
7. the young man.......... by this institute are all university graduates.
    a. employ
    b. employed
    c. employing
    d. employs
8. Painted at the beginning of the 19th century,......................
    a. the museum purchased it for its collection
    b. the art critics  considered it a clasic
    c. the people couldn't understand abstract art
    d. the painting was very valuable
9. Constructed from 300 to 150 BC,................
    a. the pyramids were monumental tombs of Egyptian pharaohs.
    b. many tourist come from all over thye world to see thye world to see the pyramids.
    c. the Egyptian pharaohs were burried in the pyramids.
    d. the Egyptians buried their pharaohs in the monumental pyramids.
10. One of the persons presenting a paper at the seminar yesterday was Mr. Anggito. It means one of        the persons ...... paper yesterday was Mr. Anggito.
      a. who is presenting
      b. who presenting
      c. who presented
      d. presented

The answers:

1.       C. Involving

2.       C. Having saved

3.       A. Realized

4.       D. As he is an outstanding student.

5.       B. Bimo expected a quick reply.

6.       A. Frightened

7.       B. Employed

8.       B. The art critics  considered it a classic

9.       D. The Egyptians buried their pharaohs in the monumental pyramids.

10.   C. Who presented

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Present Participle is used as:

1. Verbs in continuous.

    e.g: a. Jack is drinking milk in the kitchen

b. Nizar was playing football in the field.

c. You are swimming in the swimming pool.

2. Noun Modifier.

     The noun modifier does something actively.

     Compare:    Gerund                        Present Participle

                       - Shopping bag              - Shopping girl

                       - Fitting room                - Swimming boy

                       - Walking stick              - Singing bird

      e.g: a. That walking stick belongs to me (Gerund)

                 The singing bird sing beautifully (Present Participle)

             b. Where is Gita's shopping bag? (Gerund)

                 Do you know the shopping girl? (Present Participle)

             c. Where is the fitting room? (Gerund)

                 The swimming boy is happy (Present Participle)

3. Used after verbs of sensation: see, look at, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel, listen to. (+Present participle and V1)

    e.g: a. I hear the girls singing a new song in the classroom = I hear the girls sing a new song in the classroom.

           b. They see the man buying a new car=They see the man buy a new car.

    Catch, find, keep, leave, smell, spend (Present Participle ONLY)

    e.g: a. I smelt something burning yesterday

           b. She leaves him talking to another girl.

4. It's similar to an adjective clause.

    e.g:  a. The woman gathering flowers is his mother = the woman who gathers flowers is his mother

            b. The man coming towards us is my uncle = the man who is coming towards us is my uncle.

5. When the two acts done by the same subjects happen simultaneously, we likely express by a present participle.

    e.g: She read a book. She ate bread

           She read a book eating bread = Eating bread, she read a book

6. When one act is immediately followed by another done by the same subject. The first act is expressed by a present participle (just front)

    e.g: He hit the boys. he left them.

           Hitting the boys he left them.

7. When the second act is a result of the first act, we express the second act by a present participle.

    e.g: You go out. you bring a suitcase = you go out, bringing a suitcase